Section 1983 actions enable monetary damages for violations of constitutional rights by individuals acting under state authority.

• A. Federal authority
• B. State authority
• C. Private authority
• D. International authority

Answer: (B)

Section 1983 creates a civil-rights claim for damages when a person acting under color of state law deprives someone of constitutional rights. The crucial idea is that the actor is exercising state authority—think police, public officials, or private individuals who are deputized or otherwise performing a function of the state. Because the remedy targets state power, the correct answer involves state authority. If federal authorities are involved, the appropriate avenue is not §1983 (which targets state actors) but another route such as a federal remedy typically framed under Bivens. Private actors aren’t automatically liable under §1983 unless they are acting under color of state law, and international authority isn’t relevant to this provision.