Who was the first person to study the persistence/permanence of friction ridge skin?

• A. Sir William Herschel
• B. Edward Richard Henry
• C. Henry Faulds
• D. Francis Galton

Answer: (A)

The idea being tested is that fingerprints are permanent and unique, making them reliable for identifying a person. Sir William Herschel was the first to study this persistence of friction ridge skin. While working in India, he observed that the ridges on fingertips leave patterns that remain the same throughout life and are distinctive to each individual. This recognition showed that fingerprints could serve as a lasting identifier, which he began using to verify identity on documents and contracts. Later researchers built on his finding—Faulds explored forensic use and noted individuality, Galton expanded the analysis and described pattern types, and Henry developed a practical classification system—but Herschel was the pioneer who first documented the permanence of friction ridge skin.